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F
R. Lal, Food Insecurity's Dirty Secret, Science, vol. 322, pp. 673-674, 2008.
M. J. Antal, Mochidzuki, K., and Paredes, L. S., Flash Carbonization of Biomass, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 42, pp. 3690-3699, 2003.
M. Alexis, Rasse, D., Rumpel, C., Bardoux, G., chot , N., Schmalzer, P., Drake, B., and Mariotti, A., Fire impact on C and N losses and charcoal production in a scrub oak ecosystem, Biogeochemistry, vol. 82, pp. 201-216, 2007.
E
M. T. O. Jonker, Hawthorne, S. B., and Koelmans, A. A., Extremely Slowly Desorbing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soot and Soot-like Materials:  Evidence by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, pp. 7889-7895, 2005.
T. H. Nguyen, Cho, H. H., Poster, D. L., and Ball, W. P., Evidence for a pore-filling mechanism in the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons to a natural wood char, Environ Sci Technol, vol. 41, pp. 1212-7, 2007.
P. L. Waller and Wilson, F. N., EVALUATION OF GROWING MEDIA FOR CONSUMER USE, Acta Hort. (ISHS), pp. 51-58, 1984.
H. Karapanagioti, James, G., Sabatini, D., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., and Gustafsson, O., Evaluating Charcoal Presence in Sediments and its Effect on Phenanthrene Sorption, Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus, vol. 4, pp. 359-373, 2004.
A. International Energy, Energy for Cooking in Developing Countries, SourceOECD Energy, vol. 2006, pp. 724-774, 2006.
M. J. Robinson, Barrett, S. R., Nhoy, K., Pandey, R. K., Phillips, J., Ramirez, O. M., and Rodriguez, R. I., Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Sulfur in Biomass, Energy & Fuels, Submitted.
J. L. Gaunt and Lehmann, J., Energy Balance and Emissions Associated with Biochar Sequestration and Pyrolysis Bioenergy Production, Environmental Science. Technolology, vol. 42, p. 4152, 2008.
K. Mochidzuki, Soutric, F., Tadokoro, K., Antal, M. J., Toth, M., Zelei, B., and Varhegyi, G., Electrical and Physical Properties of Carbonized Charcoals, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 42, pp. 5140-5151, 2003.
M. Yamato, Okimori, Y., Wibowo, I. F., Anshori, S., and Ogawa, M., Effects of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 52, pp. 489-495, 2006.
M. Kadota and Niimi, Y., Effects of charcoal with pyroligneous acid and barnyard manure on bedding plants, Scientia Horticulturae , vol. 101, pp. 327-332, 2004.
P. G. Oguntunde, Fosu, M., Ajayi, A. E., and van de Giesen, N., Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 39, 2004.
C. Steiner, Garcia, M., and Zech, W., Effects of Charcoal as Slow Release Nutrient Carrier on N-P-K Dynamics and Soil Microbial Population: Pot Experiments with Ferralsol Substrate, in Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek's Vision, 2009, pp. 325-338.
N. P. S. Falc, Uchoa, J. L., Pardo, N., Lima, B., da Costa Passos, E., de Souza, A. M., and Comerford, N. B., Effects of Charcoal and Organic Fertilizer on Phosporus Adsorption and Bioavailability in Soils of the Central Amazon, in The ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, New Orleans, 2007.
Y. Yanai, Toyota, K., and Okazaki, M., Effects of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in short-term laboratory experiments, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 53, pp. 181-188, 2007.
J. W. Gilliam, Cox, F. R., and Reid, P. H., Effects of Adding Charcoal During Dilute Acid Extraction of Manganese from Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 32, pp. 511-514, 1968.
U. Focht, The Effect of Smoke from Charcoal Kilns on Soil Respiration, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 59, pp. 73-80, 1999.
J. J. Pignatello, Kwon, S., and Lu, Y., Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): attenuation of surface activity by humic and fulvic acids, Environ Sci Technol, vol. 40, pp. 7757-63, 2006.
S. Kwon and Pignatello, J. J., Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): pseudo pore blockage by model lipid components and its implications for N2-probed surface properties of natural sorbents, Environ Sci Technol, vol. 39, pp. 7932-9, 2005.
J. Zhang, Huang, Z. - H., Lv, R., Yang, Q. - H., and Kang, F., Effect of Growing CNTs onto Bamboo Charcoals on Adsorption of Copper Ions in Aqueous Solution, Langmuir, vol. 25, pp. 269-274, 2009.
G. G. Stavropoulos, Samaras, P., and Sakellaropoulos, G. P., Effect of activated carbons modification on porosity, surface structure and phenol adsorption, J Hazard Mater, vol. 151, pp. 414-21, 2008.
C
D. L. Karlen, Hurley, E. G., Andrews, S. S., Cambardella, C. A., Meek, D. W., Duffy, M. D., and Mallarino, A. P., Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Quality at Three Northern Corn/Soybean Belt Locations, Agron J, vol. 98, pp. 484-495, 2006.
W. W. Wilhelm, Johnson, J. M. F., Karlen, D. L., and Lightle, D. T., Corn Stover to Sustain Soil Organic Carbon Further Constrains Biomass Supply, Agron J, vol. 99, pp. 1665-1667, 2007.
F. C. Wu, Tseng, R. L., and Juang, R. S., Comparisons of porous and adsorption properties of carbons activated by steam and KOH, J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 283, pp. 49-56, 2005.
J. Lehmann and Sohi, S., Comment on "Fire-Derived Charcoal Causes Loss of Forest Humus", Science, vol. 321, p. 1295c-, 2008.
S. el-Kheshen, Zia, H., Badawi, A., Needham, T. E., and Luzzi, L. A., Coating charcoal with polyacrylate-polymethacrylate copolymer for haemoperfusion. III: The effect of the coat thickness on the adsorptioncapacity of the coated charcoal and its adsorptivity to small and middle size molecules, J Microencapsul, vol. 12, pp. 505-14, 1995.
D. McKenzie, Gedalof, Z. 'E., Peterson, D. L., and Mote, P., Climatic Change, Wildfire, and Conservation, Conservation Biology, vol. 18, pp. 890-902, 2004.
N. Labbe, Harper, D., Rials, T., and Elder, T., Chemical Structure of Wood Charcoal by Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, pp. 3492-3497, 2006.
D. A. Laird, The Charcoal Vision: A Win Win Win Scenario for Simultaneously Producing Bioenergy, Permanently Sequestering Carbon, while Improving Soil and Water Quality, Agron. J., vol. 100, pp. 178-181, 2008.
F. Karaosmanoglu and Tetik, E., Charcoal from the Pyrolysis of Rapeseed Plant Straw-Stalk, Journal Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 21, pp. 503-510, 1999.
M. Gundale and DeLuca, T., Charcoal effects on soil solution chemistry and growth of Koeleria macrantha in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir ecosystem, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 43, pp. 303-311, 2007.
D. M. MacKenzie, McIntire, E. J. B., Quideau, S. A., and Graham, R. C., Charcoal Distribution Affects Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Forest Soils of California, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 72, pp. 1774-1785, 2008.
S. Topoliantz and Ponge, J. - F., Charcoal consumption and casting activity by Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae) , Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 28, pp. 217-224 , 2005.
A. Santiago and Santiago, L., Charcoal Chips as a Practical Subsctrate for Container Horticulture in The Humid Tropics, ISHS Acta Horticulturae, vol. 238, pp. 141-148, 1989.
J. O. Skjemstad, Reicosky, D. C., Wilts, A. R., and McGowan, J. A., Charcoal carbon in U.S. agricultural soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 66, pp. 1249–1255, 2002.
C. Steiner, Das, K., Garcia, M., Forster, B., and Zech, W., Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic Ferralsol, Pedobiologia, vol. 51, pp. 359-366, 2008.
M. MacKenzie and DeLuca, T., Charcoal and shrubs modify soil processes in ponderosa pine forests of western Montana, Plant and Soil, vol. 287, pp. 257-266, 2006.
H. Marco and Jan den, O., Charcoal and activated carbon as adsorbate of phytotoxic compounds - a comparative study, Oikos, vol. 108, pp. 202-207, 2005.
S. Endo, Grathwohl, P., Haderlein, S. B., and Schmidt, T. C., Characterization of Sorbent Properties of Soil Organic Matter and Carbonaceous Geosorbents Using n-Alkanes and Cycloalkanes as Molecular Probes, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, pp. 393-400, 2009.
M. Sander and Pignatello, J. J., Characterization of Charcoal Adsorption Sites for Aromatic Compounds:  Insights Drawn from Single-Solute and Bi-Solute Competitive Experiments, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, pp. 1606-1615, 2005.
D. Zhu and Pignatello, J. J., Characterization of Aromatic Compound Sorptive Interactions with Black Carbon (Charcoal) Assisted by Graphite as a Model, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, pp. 2033-2041, 2005.
R. L. Tseng and Tseng, S. K., Characterization and use of high surface area activated carbons prepared from cane pith for liquid-phase adsorption, J Hazard Mater, vol. 136, pp. 671-80, 2006.
A. A. Boateng, Characterization and Thermal Conversion of Charcoal Derived from Fluidized-Bed Fast Pyrolysis Oil Production of Switchgrass†, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 46, pp. 8857-8862, 2007.
E. Novotny, Hayes, M., deAzevedo , E., and Bonagamba, T., Characterisation of black carbon-rich samples by 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Naturwissenschaften, vol. 93, pp. 447-450, 2006.
A. Harris and Hill, R., CARBON-NEGATIVE PRIMARY PRODUCTION:ROLE OF BIOCARBON AND CHALLENGES FOR ORGANICS IN AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND, Journal of Organic Systems, vol. 2, pp. 2-13, 2007.
M. Ogawa, Okimori, Y., and Takahashi, F., Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies. Chemins de Fer, Paris, 2005.

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